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Preface: What is a contaminated site? -- How do we know whether a contaminant poses a problem? -- What kinds of problems can these chemicals cause? -- What risk is acceptable? -- How is cancer caused? -- How are the effects of chemicals assessed? -- What is a 'safe' level of exposure? -- How is the...

1.1.4. Brief overview of current health risk assessment methods: 1.1.4.1. Threshold models -- 1.1.4.2. Non-threshold models -- 1.2. TWP critique of current methods -- 1.3. Purpose and goals of the toxicity risk assessment method for chemical carcinogens -- ch. 2. Procedure for use of modified-benchm...

2.4.2. Data specific processes: 2.4.2.1. Overview -- 2.4.2.2. Assessing and selecting the dose-response data -- 2.4.2.3. Transforming the data and fitting the mathematical model -- 2.3.2.4. Adjustment for lack of fit -- 2.4.2.5. Other statistical considerations -- 2.5. Deriving the guideline dose --...

Appendix B. Evaluation of tumour effects: B1. Animal bioassays -- B1.1. Confounding factors in animal studies -- B2. Human studies -- B2.1. Study design and conduct -- B2.2. Exposure assessment -- B2.3. Statistical confidence of the results -- B2.4. Causality -- B2.5. Meta-analyses -- B3. Other rele...

C1. Agent poses a carcinogenic hazard to humans -- C2. Agent does not pose a carcinogenic hazard to humans -- Appendix D. The application of the benchmark dose method -- D1. The generic nature of the benchmark dose method -- D2. Choice and use of models -- D3. Adjusting for survival -- D4. Extra ris...

Figure 2. Schematic illustration of the determination of the BMD p for a given specified level of risk p -- Figure 3. Overview of modified-benchmark dose modelling -- Figure 4. Application of factors to modified-benchmark dose modelling -- Figure 5. Decision tree for deriving factors for seriousness...