The complexity of products increases considerably, and key functions can often only be realized by using high-precision components. Microgears have a particularly complex geometry and thus the manufacturing requirements often reach technological limits. Their geometric deviations are relatively large in comparison to the small component size and thus have a major impact on the functionality in terms of generating unwanted noise and vibrations in the final product. There are still no readily available production-integrated measuring methods that enable quality control of all produced microgears. Consequently, many manufacturers are not able to measure any geometric gear parameters according to standards such as DIN ISO 21771. If at all, only samples are measured, as this is only possible by means of specialized, sensitive, and cost-intensive tactile or optical measuring technologies. In a novel approach, this paper examines the integration of an acoustic emission sensor into the hobbing process of microgears in order to predict process parameters as well as geometric and functional features of the produced gears. In terms of process parameters, radial feed and tool tumble are investigated, whereas the total profile deviation is used as a representative geometric variable and the overall transmission error as a functional variable. The approach is experimentally validated by means of the design of experiments. Furthermore, different approaches for feature extraction from time-continuous sensor data and different machine-learning approaches for predicting process and geometry parameters are compared with each other and tested for suitability. It is shown that structure-borne sound, in combination with supervised machine learning and data analysis, is suitable for inprocess monitoring of microgear hobbing processes.