The recent launch of low Earth orbit satellite constellations is creating a growing threat for astronomical observations with ground-based telescopes
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that has alarmed the astronomical community
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. Observations affected by artificial satellites can become unusable for scientific research, wasting a growing fraction of the research budget on costly infrastructures and mitigation efforts. Here we report the first measurements, to our knowledge, of artificial satellite contamination on observations from a low Earth orbit made with the Hubble Space Telescope. With the help of volunteers on a citizen science project (
www.asteroidhunter.org
) and a deep learning algorithm, we scanned the archive of Hubble Space Telescope images taken between 2002 and 2021. We find that a fraction of 2.7% of the individual exposures with a typical exposure time of 11 minutes are crossed by satellites and that the fraction of satellite trails in the images increases with time. This fraction depe...

The impact of satellite trails on Hubble Space Telescope observations

10.1038/s41550-023-01903-3