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Exploring the history of New Zealand astronomy : trials, tribulations, telescopes and transits / Wayne Orchiston.

Series 03: Negatives of trams, trains, railways and model railways in N.S.W. and Australia, ca. 1920-1970 / chiefly photographed by Len A. Clark

Key Points
The dog is descended from a single species, the grey wolf, but from an ancient lineage that is now extinct and is the only large carnivore ever to be domesticated.
Dogs were domesticated by hunter-gatherers over 15,000 years ago, whereas all other domesticated species were domesticated by agrarian societies.
The demographic history of the dog is complex, with multiple population bottlenecks associated with domestication and breed formation as well as admixture among dog populations and with wolves.
DNA analysis from modern dogs can be used to recapitulate the historic migration of human populations, providing previously unknown information about how various regions were settled.
Whole-genome sequencing of modern dogs has generated a large catalogue that captures much of the variation that exists in modern dogs.
There are nearly 400 breeds of dog worldwide that display an extraordinary amount of phenotypic diversity in terms of morphology, behaviour, and disease susceptibility. All domesticated dogs are members of the same species, termed
Canis lupus familiaris
or, alternatively,
Canis familiaris
.
Selection for behaviour and appearance in modern breeds has resulted in an increased level of disease susceptibility, perhaps as deleterious alleles 'hitch-hike' with those that breeders and fanciers select for.
Cancer is an extremely common disease in dogs, and findings from breed-specific studies reveal information that is relevant for basic cancer biology.
Despite being a single species, dogs represent nearly 400 breeds with substantial genetic, morphological and behavioural diversity. In this Review, Ostrander
et al
. discuss how genomics studies of dogs have enhanced our understanding of dog and human population history, the desired and unintended consequences of trait-based selective breeding, and potentially human-applicable insights into cancer, ageing, behaviour and neurological diseases.
The domestic dog represents one of the most dramatic long-term evolutionary experiments undertaken by humans. From a large wolf-like progenitor, unparalleled diversity in phenotype and behaviour has developed in dogs, providing a model for understanding the developmental and genomic mechanisms of diversification. We discuss pattern and process in domestication, beginning with general findings about early domestication and problems in documenting selection at the genomic level. Furthermore, we summarize genotype–phenotype studies based first on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping and then with whole-genome data and show how an understanding of evolution informs topics as different as human history, adaptive and deleterious variation, morphological development, ageing, cancer and behaviour.

Nature reviews. Genetics, 2017-12, Vol.18 (12), p.705-720

Demographic history, selection and functional diversity of the canine genome

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Exploring the history of New Zealand astronomy : trials, tribulations, telescopes and transits / Wayne Orchiston.

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Series 03: Negatives of trams, trains, railways and model railways in N.S.W. and Australia, ca. 1920-1970 / chiefly photographed by Len A. Clark

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Demographic history, selection and functional diversity of the canine genome

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