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Series 03: Negatives of trams, trains, railways and model railways in N.S.W. and Australia, ca. 1920-1970 / chiefly photographed by Len A. Clark

Malaria's death toll has been reduced as a result of global efforts over the last decade. Yet the rise of drug resistance and the plateauing of funding are still obstacles to eradicating the disease and reducing malaria burden. This review brings up the goals and challenges faced by researchers and the public health workforce and a way forward to effectively control and eliminate malaria.
The past decade witnessed unprecedented efforts to control malaria, including renewed political and financial commitment and increased availability of both old and new strategies and tools. However, malaria still represents a major health burden, particularly in Africa. Important challenges such as the fragility of many health systems, the rise of insecticide and drug resistance, and particularly the expected decline both in funding and in the coverage of key interventions if they are not replaced as needed, urgently need to be addressed. Further research and development is also becoming increasingly crucial. Among other needs, common methodologies for estimating and tracking the malaria burden, new strategies to measure transmission, better understanding of immunity, and increased knowledge of the mechanisms and effects of resistance to drugs and insecticides stand out. The ongoing efforts in research and development for new antimalarial drugs, more sensitive point-of-care rapid diagnostic tests and new insecticides need further innovation and substantial strengthening. Clearly, efforts should focus not only on
Plasmodium falciparum
but also and increasingly on
Plasmodium vivax
, the neglected human malaria parasite. Addressing these challenges in a comprehensive and timely way will allow us to sustain the gains made so far and make further progress in control and progressive elimination.

Nature medicine, 2013-02, Vol.19 (2), p.150-155

Public health challenges and prospects for malaria control and elimination

Mosquito feeding assays are important in evaluations of malaria transmission-reducing interventions. The proportion of mosquitoes with midgut oocysts is commonly used as an outcome measure, but in natural low intensity infections the effect of oocyst non-rupture on mosquito infectivity is unclear. By identifying ruptured as well as intact oocysts, we show that in low intensity
P. falciparum
infections i) 66.7–96.7% of infected mosquitoes experienced oocyst rupture between 11–21 days post-infection, ii) oocyst rupture led invariably to sporozoite release, iii) oocyst rupture led to salivary gland infections in 97.8% of mosquitoes and iv) 1250 (IQR 313-2400) salivary gland sporozoites were found per ruptured oocyst. These data show that infectivity can be predicted with reasonable certainty from oocyst prevalence in low intensity infections. High throughput methods for detecting infection in whole mosquitoes showed that 18s PCR but not circumsporozoite ELISA gave a reliable approximation of mosquito infection rates on day 7 post-infection.

Scientific reports, 2013-12, Vol.3 (1), p.3418-3418, Article 3418

The relevance and applicability of oocyst prevalence as a read-out for mosquito feeding assays

Currently, information on prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections among different tribes of Orang Asli (aboriginal) is scarce in Malaysia. The present study is a cross-sectional study aimed at determining the factors associated with the prevalence of STH infections among the Proto-Malay, Negrito and Senoi tribes. Faecal samples were collected from 500 participants and socioeconomic data was collected via pre-tested questionnaire. All samples were processed using formalin-ether sedimentation and Wheatley's trichrome staining.
Trichuris trichiura
(57%) was the most common STH seen among the participants, followed by
Ascaris lumbricoides
(23.8%) and hookworm (7.4%). Trichuriasis and ascariasis showed an age-dependency relationship; significantly higher rates were observed among Senois who aged <15 years. Likewise, Negritos also showed an age-dependency association with ascariasis affecting mainly the under 15 years old individuals. Multivariate logistic regression model indicated the following predictors of trichuriasis among these communities; being aged <15 years, consuming raw vegetables, belonging to a large household members (≥8) and earning low household income (<RM500). Meanwhile, ascariasis was significantly related to participants being aged <15 years and earning low household income. Two risk factors were found to be associated with hookworm infection; consuming raw vegetables and eating contaminated fresh fruits.

Scientific reports, 2014-02, Vol.4 (1), p.4101-4101, Article 4101

Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections and Associated Risk Factors in Three Orang Asli Tribes in Peninsular Malaysia

Nature (London), 2012-04, Vol.484 (7395), p.S13-S13

Malaria

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Series 03: Negatives of trams, trains, railways and model railways in N.S.W. and Australia, ca. 1920-1970 / chiefly photographed by Len A. Clark

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Public health challenges and prospects for malaria control and elimination

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The relevance and applicability of oocyst prevalence as a read-out for mosquito feeding assays

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Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections and Associated Risk Factors in Three Orang Asli Tribes in Peninsular Malaysia

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Malaria

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