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1.	Two three-storied sexagonal twin pagodas 20 li W[est] of Huachow. 
2.	Ordinary mud villages on road Sian fu to Lanchow.  Feb. 1st.
3.	Ordinary mud villages on road Sian fu to Lanchow.
4.	Village inn of Shang Chao.  Feb. 1st.
5.	Watch tower near Shang Chao.  Feb. 1st.
6.	An ox cart.   Feb. 1st.
7.	The watch tower.  Feb. 1st.
8.	Chien chou.  Two beggars.  Feb. 2nd.
9.	Chien chou.  An inn yard.  Feb. 2nd.
10.	Chien chou.  Boy with pipe as long as himself.  Feb. 2nd.
11.	The loess cutting.  Feb. 2nd.
12.	View near Yung shou hsien.  Feb. 3rd.
13.	View near Yung shou hsien.  Feb. 3rd.
14.	Wayside group on way to Pinchow.  Feb. 4th.
15.	My carts near Pinchow.  Feb. 4th.
16.	Ravine before Pinchow.  Feb. 4th.
17.	Woman in inn yard in Pinchow.  Feb. 4th.
18.	Woman in inn yard at Pinchow. Feb. 4.
19.	The north gate of Pinchow.  Feb. 4th.
20.	View across the River valley near Pinchow.  Feb. 4th.
21.	View across the River Galley near Pinchow.
22.	Camel train near Pinchow.  Feb.  4th.
23.	Criminal in chains and block in market place Chung wu hsien.
24.	Dog and shepherd boy near Chung wu hsien.
25.	View down the R. valley at Ching Chow.
26.	Avenue on way to Ping Liang fu.  Feb. 7th.
27.	The Yamen runner who escorts me to Ping Liang fu.  Feb. 7th.
28.	Magpie at 25 ft.  Feb. 7th.
29.	Tso's avenue near Ping Liang fu.  Feb. 8th. 
30.	Guard house (always unoccupied) with five beacons and small wooden pai lou stating distance 25 li from Ping liang fu. Feb. 8th.
31.	My three carters Ching chiang I.  Feb. 11th.
32.	Our inn yard at Ching Chiang I.   Feb. 11th.
33.	Our inn yard at Ching Chiang I.   Feb. 11th.
34.	Smooth hills with foot near Ching Chiang I.  Feb. 11th.
35.	Beggar children on the road.  Feb. 13th.
36.	Beggar children on  the road. Feb. 13th.
37.	Beggar children on the road.  Feb. 13th.
38.	Loess gulch nearing Hui Ning hsien.  Feb. 13th.
39.	Pillars marking every 10 li on the way of Anting hsien. Feb. 14th.
40.	Ruined gate tower and wall of village.  Ching Shui I.
41.	Gentleman on the road who asked me to take his photo.  Feb. 16th
42.	On the way to Lanchow.  Feb. 17th.
43.	Lanchow.
44.	Lanchow.
45.	Lanchow.
46.	Lanchow.
47.	Lanchow.
48.	Lanchow.  Hadji at chief mosque.
49.	Lanchow.  Pavilion in the Chu Yuan.				
50.	Temple on Loess pinnacle near Hsias Lou chlih.  Feb. 25th.
51.	Temple on Loess pinnacle near Hsiao Lou chlih.  Feb. 25th.
52.	10 1i beacons near Hsiao Lou chlih.   Feb. 25th.
53.	Water mill near Hsiao Lou ch'ih.  Feb. 25th.
54.	The Avenue.  Feb. 25th.
55.	Ping fan Man chang from the S. gate.  Feb. 25th.
56.	View near Ping fan hsien in the valley of the Ping fan ho near Wu Sheng I.  Feb. 28th.
57.	View near Ping fan hsien in the valley of the Ping fan ho near Wu Sheng I.  Feb. 28th.
58.	View near Ping fan hsien in the valley of the Ping fan ho near Wu Sheng I.  Feb. 28th.
59.	Near Ch'a K'ou I, view overlooking frozen Ping fan ho.  Mud village under round hills.  
Snow clad mountains.  Horses and sheep.  March 1st.
60.	My opium smoking yamen runner.  March 1st.
61.	Abandoned guard house with the common mud walls constantly met with.  March 1st.
62.	Lung kou p'u, the ordinary stage.  March 2nd.
63.	Shih pa li p'u.  March 2nd.
64.	Guardhouse of Shuang Ta p'u. Outside.  March 3rd.
65.	Guardhouse of Shuang Ta p'u. Inside.  March 3rd.
66.	Characteristic ruins of mud village.  March 3rd.
67.	Snow covered mountains to S[outh]. as seen from Shuang ta p'u. March 3rd.
68.	15 li W[est]. of Ku Lan hsien.  Ruins.  March 3.
69.	Graves near Liangchow.  March 4th.
70.	The Brave who escorted me from Ku lang hsien to Liangchow.  March 4th.
71.	Mohammedan Chinese in Liangchow.  March 4th.
72.	East gate of Liangchow.  March 5th.
73.	Liangchow.  View from Bell Tower.  March 5th.
74.	Liangchow.  View from Bell Tower.  March 5th.
75.	Liangchow. View from the Bell Tower.  March 5th.
76.	Liangchow from Bell Tower looking N[orth].  March 5th.
77.	Musart Pass.  In the Japarlik Glacier.  June 5th.
78.	View from the back of Bishop Otto's Mission.  March 7th.
79.	The Catholic cemetery at Bishop Otto's.  March 7th.
80.	Ssu shih li p'u.  Characteristic ruins.  March 7th.
81.	Two badly frightened shepherd boys with dogs and sheep.  Badly taken.  March 8th.
82.	Guard house (empty) and pillars marking distance.  March 8th.
83.	Defensible farmstead in country 5 li W[est] of Papa.
84.	Defensible farmstead 5 li W[est] of Papa.  March 8th.
85.	Range to N[orth] of Yung ch'ang hsien.  March 8th.
86.	Bell Tower in centre of Yung Ch'ang hsien.  March 8th.
87.	Ordinary passenger small cart.  March 8th.
88.	My ch'ai jen from Liangchow scared out of his wits. March 8th.
89.	Group in ruined village 35 li E[ast] of Yung Ch'ang hsien. March 8th.
90.	My carts and ponies.  March 9th.
91.	My mafoo.  25 ft.  March 9th.
92.	My mafoo.  15 ft.  March 9th.
93.	Homestead in valley approaching Shui Ch'uan.
94.	Gate tower of Hsia K'ou at mouth of Pass.  March 10th.
95.	My two yamen runners from Hsia k'ou and white pony.  Unarmed ruffians.  March 10th.
96.	Only occupied building among ruins.  March 10th.
97.	Characteristic ruins.  March 10th.
98.	Street in characteristic village.  March 10th.
99.	In ruined village.  March 10th.
100.	Dagoba at Shan tan hsien.  March 11th.					
101.	Ta fo ssu 10 li W[est] of Shantan hsien.  March 11th.
102.	Watermill seen across the pond of ice, the sluice being channel alongside.  March 11th.
103.	The cart of the District.  March 12th.
104.	Nearing Kanchow.  March 12th.
105.	Kanchow.  Liu, the Christian Shansi Banker.  March 12th.
106.	Village near Kanchow.  March 12th.
107.	Kanchow.  View of the Dagoba from the upper story of the Temple.  March 12th.
108.	Kangchow.  View from the S[outh] gate looking towards the Temple.  March 12th.
109.	Kanchow.  The Dagoba.  March 12th.
110.	Kanchow.  The Dagoba.  March 12th.
111.	Dagoba to priest in plain 5 li N.W. of Kanchow.  March 12th.
112.	My guard aet. 18 - armed with pike sent to 'sung' me from Sha ho westwards.  March 13th.
113.	My beggar gun carrier picked up near Kanchow.
114.	Cart of the district.  March 13th.
115.	Cart of the district.  March 13th.
116.	Ruins on the border of the oasis of Lin shui, a former yamen and military camp. Similar ruins everywhere in this inhabited oasis 35 li east of Suchow.
117.	10 li W[est] of Kao tai hsien.  March 15th.
118.	10 li W[est] of Kao tai hsien.  March 15th.
119.	10 li W[est] of Kao tai hsien.  March 15th.
120.	10 li W[est] of Kao tai hsien.  March 15th.
121.	My carter in the inn yard at Hei Ch'uan 50 li from Kao Tai.  March 15th.
122.	Two lamas and one woman trudging along to Suchow, one of the lamas rolling a praying wheel.  March 15.
123.	Hei ch'uan.   March 15th.
124.	Priest of Hung Ssu Miao with the scar of a frightful gash down his right cheek where he was horned by a bull. The stand is for alms from the travellers who have to work their way up this hillock. March 16th.
125.	View across the valley of the Hui Ho from the hill behind the Hung ssu miao.  March 16th.
126.	The only village and that a small one between Hua Ch'ang tzu and Yen Ch'ih called Shen kou (deep ditch). March 16th.
127.	View of mud farmstead in oasis of Lin Shui.  March 18th.
128.	Ruined graveyard in the oasis of Lin shui.  March 18th.
129.	Ruined watch tower always unoccupied every 5 or 10 li. March 18th.
130.	Splingaerd's old yamen at Suchow.  March 19th.
131.	Splingaerd's old yamen at Suchow.  March 19th.
132.	View from Splingaerd's yamen looking N[orth]. Suchow.  March 19th.
133.	Suchow.  Kulou from south. March 19th.
134.	Suchow.  Our inn yard.  March 19th.
135.	Suchow, our landlord.  March 19th.
136.	Suchow, our inn yard.  March 19th.
137.	The Tien chu Tang.  March 19th.
138.	Suchow.  The north gate.  March 19th.
139.	Woman and two girl children at hovel where we had lunch.
140.	Ch'ai jen who escorted me from Suchow.  March 21st.
141.	Eastern gate tower of Chia Yu kuan. March 21st.
142.	View looking east from eastern gate of Chia Yu kuan. March 21st.
143.	View looking E[ast] from east gate of Chia Yu kuan.  March 21st.
144.	Chia Yu kuan from the east.  March 22nd.
145.	Chia Yu kuan.  March 22nd.						
146.	Chia Yu kuan.  March 22nd.
147.	Chia Yu kuan.  March 22nd.
148.	View from Chia Yu kuan looking N.W.  March 22nd.
149.	View from Chia Yu kuan looking W[est].  March 22.
150.	Chia Yu kuan.  March 22nd.
151.	Chia Yu kuan.  March 22nd.
152.	Huang lu kang.  April 7th.
153.	Unoccupied ruined fort near Hui Hui P'o. March 22nd.
154.	On way to Hui Hui P'o looking to S.E.  March 22nd.
155.	On way to Hui Hui P'o.  View to N[orth]. March 22nd.
156.	7 a.m.  Interior of ruined hamlet within mud walls of Hui Hui P'o.  Village now occupied is outside.  March 23rd. 
157.	Huo kou. March  23rd.
158.	Stage of Ch'ih Chin Hsia.  March 23rd.
159.	Stage of Ch'ih Chin Hsia.  March 23rd.
160.	[no caption]
161.	Our innyard at Ch'ih Chin hsia.  March 24th.
162.	Mongol tents with camel  packs in the sand desert  30 li N.W. of Ch'ih Chin hsia.  March 24th.  
163.	Only  shelter for 30 miles between Ch'ih Chin hsia and Yu Men - Gale of wind.  March 24th.
164.	Caretaker of the only shelter between Ch'ih Chin hsia and Yu Men hsien. Kao tan kung fang. March 24th.      
165.	Occupied farm in oasis. March 26th.
166.	Ruins alongside occupied farm in oasis. March 26th.
167.	View across river bed - ruins lining opposite bank. Blinding sandstorm. March 26th.
168.	View of small temple across river bed. March 26th.
169.	The only inn at the  stage of Chi tao kou. March 26th.
170.	Inhabited portion of Bu lung chi. March 26th.
171.	Tomb of  Hami princes. April 10th.
172.	Bu lung chi, a large walled town almost completely empty. Ruins most complete. March 26th.      
173.	Our caravan in the plain 20 li E. of Lo to ching.
174.	Stage of Lo to ching in the desert.  March 27th.
175.	The servant of the inn at Lo to ching. March 27th.
176.	(a) Hill range to the S[outh] of Lo to ching from the same  spot as (b)
177.	(b) View to the stage of Lo to ching from the west. Taken from same spot as (a).
178.	Our cabin at Shih Tung. March 30th.
179.	Our cabin at Shih Tung. March 30th.
180.	Ta Ch'uan - third stage in desert. April 1st.
181.	Desert stage of Pai Tun Tze from the top of the watch tower.  March 30th.
182.	Our Kung kuan at Pai Tun Tze.  March 30th.
183.	Ma Lien Ching.  March 31st.
184.	Ma Lien Ching.
185.	Ma Lien Ching. Hung Liu Yuan.  April 2nd.
186.	Hung Liu Yuan.  April 2nd.
187.	Midday halting place on way to Hsing Hsing hsia.  April 2nd.
188.	Roadside shrine. Two black staves hung with hardened hemp seed oil.  April 2nd.
189.	Lao Tao of Kuan ti miao. Honan man aged 62 - 5 li W[est] of Hsing Hsing hsia.  April 3rd.
190.	Hsia of Hsing Hsing hsia. April 3rd.
191.	Midday. View of the Kuan ti miao. April 3rd.
192.	View 6.15 p.m. of the stage Sha ching. April 3rd.
193.	Taoist priest of Kuan ti miao. Midday rest camp. April 3rd.
194.	Priest at the Kuan ti miao. April 3rd.
195.	Chang liu shui - the first stage in the oasis of Hami 		
196.	My villainous second carter chop dollar. April 6th.
197.	Camels carrying hoop iron from Hami. April 7th.
198.	View N[orth] of Huang Lu Kang.  April 8th.
199.	Chiant'ou farmer near Hami.
200.	Palace of the Hami Prince in the distance.
201.	View from Hami with mountains in background (not appearing in photo).  April 8th.
202.	View by the Hui ch'eng looking N[orth] to the Barkul Mountains.  April 9th.
203.	Pai-ku-t'a of San P'o.  April 12th.
204.	Village of T'on p'o.  April 11th.
205.	Tombs of Erh P'o with snow clad mountains in background. April 11th.
206.	Dismantled ruined fort of San P'o - a common example. Right in the village. April 1th.
207.	Li Ch'uan, the solitary farm by spring of good water 50 li from San Tao Ling. April 13th.
208.	Back view of Ch'ai jen showing his cut down old Tower musket. April 14th.
209.	Front view of Ch'ai jen. April 14th.
210.	Desert where we lunched. April 14th.
211.	The stage of … in narrow pass in the hills. April 15th.
212.	Ch'ai jen showing his sheepskin leggings.  April 15th.
213.	Stone marking bifurcation Nan Lu from Pei lu, half a mile outside Ch'i ko ching tzu. April 16th.
214.	The Pei lu on the way to T'on shui. April 16th.
215.	The Pei lu on the way to T'on shui. April 16th.
216.	The pei lu on the way to T'on shui. April 16th.
217.	T'on shui. April 16th.
218.	Ta shih t'on. April 17th.
219.	Ta shih t'on. April 1th.
220.	Taoist priest on donkey (Kanchow man).  April 18th.
221.	Ling p'an of Mu lei ho from other bank of river. April 19th.  
222.	I wan ch'uan.  My carts at the Mohammedan inn. April 19th.
223.	Camels grazing by the wooden post that marks the turn off to Pal Yang ho. April 19th.  
224.	Camel train in the prairie.  April 20th.
225.	Ch'ant'ou cake seller in main street of Ku ch'eng tzu. April 20th.
226.	Interior of the ruined hsien of Ch'i T'ai hsien.  April 20th.
227.	Ssu shih li p'o where we camped in the open steppe. April 20th.
228.	Three Ch'ant'ous in a roadside hamlet 60 li W[est] of Ku cheng tzu.  April 21st.
229.	Ch'ai jen from Fu Yuan hsien.  April 21st.
230.	Ruined town alongside of new town of Fu Yuan hsien. April 21st.

1. Two three-storied sexagonal twin pagodas 20 li W[est] of Huachow.

2. Ordinary mud villages on road Sian fu to Lanchow. Feb. 1st.

3. Ordinary mud villages on road Sian fu to Lanchow.

Item 06: Photographs of China, 1910 / from the papers of George Ernest Morrison

During these years, the research field of certificateless signature (CLS) scheme is promptly investigated as the key escrow problem in identity-based cryptography can be solved via CLS concept. However, due to the bandwidth limitation of mobile communication and the resource-constraint property of handheld mobile devices, most CLS schemes cannot fulfill the requirement of computation efficiency for mobile communication architecture. Hence, the design of lightweight CLS protocol refined from traditional cryptosystem technologies for existing mobile communication environment becomes one of the most important research trends. In this paper, we demonstrate a novel CLS scheme which is immune against bilinear pairings. Without the heavy computation of bilinear pairings, our proposed scheme is efficient and practical for mobile communication. Meanwhile, the proposed CLS scheme possesses strong security density owing to the adoption of point addition of elliptic curve cryptography. A formal security analysis is presented to guarantee the security robustness of our CLS protocol under the hardness of breaking elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem.

Multimedia tools and applications, 2015-08, Vol.74 (16), p.6519-6530

An efficient certificateless signature scheme without bilinear pairings

The Internet-of-Things (IoT) is an emerging paradigm seamlessly integrating a great number of smart objects ubiquitously connected to the Internet. With the rise in interest in the IoT, industry and academia have introduced a variety of authentication technologies to deal with security challenges. Authentication in IoT involves not only shifting intelligent access control down to the end smart objects, but also user identification and verification. In this paper, we build an authentication system based on brainwave reactions to a chain of events. Brainwaves, as external signals of a functioning brain, provide a glimpse into how we think and react. However, seen another way, we could reasonably expect that a given action or event could be linked back to its corresponding brainwave reaction. Recently, commercial products in the form of wearable brainwave headsets have appeared on the market, opening up the possibility of exploiting brainwaves for various purposes and making this more feasible. In the proposed system, we use a commercially available brainwave headset to collect brainwave data from participants for use in the proposed authentication system. After the brainwave data collection process, we apply a machine learning-based approach to extract features from brainwaves to serve as authentication tokens in the system and support the authentication system itself.

Symmetry (Basel), 2018-10, Vol.10 (11), p.537

Authentication with What You See and Remember in the Internet of Things

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Item 06: Photographs of China, 1910 / from the papers of George Ernest Morrison

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An efficient certificateless signature scheme without bilinear pairings

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Authentication with What You See and Remember in the Internet of Things

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