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1.	Two three-storied sexagonal twin pagodas 20 li W[est] of Huachow. 
2.	Ordinary mud villages on road Sian fu to Lanchow.  Feb. 1st.
3.	Ordinary mud villages on road Sian fu to Lanchow.
4.	Village inn of Shang Chao.  Feb. 1st.
5.	Watch tower near Shang Chao.  Feb. 1st.
6.	An ox cart.   Feb. 1st.
7.	The watch tower.  Feb. 1st.
8.	Chien chou.  Two beggars.  Feb. 2nd.
9.	Chien chou.  An inn yard.  Feb. 2nd.
10.	Chien chou.  Boy with pipe as long as himself.  Feb. 2nd.
11.	The loess cutting.  Feb. 2nd.
12.	View near Yung shou hsien.  Feb. 3rd.
13.	View near Yung shou hsien.  Feb. 3rd.
14.	Wayside group on way to Pinchow.  Feb. 4th.
15.	My carts near Pinchow.  Feb. 4th.
16.	Ravine before Pinchow.  Feb. 4th.
17.	Woman in inn yard in Pinchow.  Feb. 4th.
18.	Woman in inn yard at Pinchow. Feb. 4.
19.	The north gate of Pinchow.  Feb. 4th.
20.	View across the River valley near Pinchow.  Feb. 4th.
21.	View across the River Galley near Pinchow.
22.	Camel train near Pinchow.  Feb.  4th.
23.	Criminal in chains and block in market place Chung wu hsien.
24.	Dog and shepherd boy near Chung wu hsien.
25.	View down the R. valley at Ching Chow.
26.	Avenue on way to Ping Liang fu.  Feb. 7th.
27.	The Yamen runner who escorts me to Ping Liang fu.  Feb. 7th.
28.	Magpie at 25 ft.  Feb. 7th.
29.	Tso's avenue near Ping Liang fu.  Feb. 8th. 
30.	Guard house (always unoccupied) with five beacons and small wooden pai lou stating distance 25 li from Ping liang fu. Feb. 8th.
31.	My three carters Ching chiang I.  Feb. 11th.
32.	Our inn yard at Ching Chiang I.   Feb. 11th.
33.	Our inn yard at Ching Chiang I.   Feb. 11th.
34.	Smooth hills with foot near Ching Chiang I.  Feb. 11th.
35.	Beggar children on the road.  Feb. 13th.
36.	Beggar children on  the road. Feb. 13th.
37.	Beggar children on the road.  Feb. 13th.
38.	Loess gulch nearing Hui Ning hsien.  Feb. 13th.
39.	Pillars marking every 10 li on the way of Anting hsien. Feb. 14th.
40.	Ruined gate tower and wall of village.  Ching Shui I.
41.	Gentleman on the road who asked me to take his photo.  Feb. 16th
42.	On the way to Lanchow.  Feb. 17th.
43.	Lanchow.
44.	Lanchow.
45.	Lanchow.
46.	Lanchow.
47.	Lanchow.
48.	Lanchow.  Hadji at chief mosque.
49.	Lanchow.  Pavilion in the Chu Yuan.				
50.	Temple on Loess pinnacle near Hsias Lou chlih.  Feb. 25th.
51.	Temple on Loess pinnacle near Hsiao Lou chlih.  Feb. 25th.
52.	10 1i beacons near Hsiao Lou chlih.   Feb. 25th.
53.	Water mill near Hsiao Lou ch'ih.  Feb. 25th.
54.	The Avenue.  Feb. 25th.
55.	Ping fan Man chang from the S. gate.  Feb. 25th.
56.	View near Ping fan hsien in the valley of the Ping fan ho near Wu Sheng I.  Feb. 28th.
57.	View near Ping fan hsien in the valley of the Ping fan ho near Wu Sheng I.  Feb. 28th.
58.	View near Ping fan hsien in the valley of the Ping fan ho near Wu Sheng I.  Feb. 28th.
59.	Near Ch'a K'ou I, view overlooking frozen Ping fan ho.  Mud village under round hills.  
Snow clad mountains.  Horses and sheep.  March 1st.
60.	My opium smoking yamen runner.  March 1st.
61.	Abandoned guard house with the common mud walls constantly met with.  March 1st.
62.	Lung kou p'u, the ordinary stage.  March 2nd.
63.	Shih pa li p'u.  March 2nd.
64.	Guardhouse of Shuang Ta p'u. Outside.  March 3rd.
65.	Guardhouse of Shuang Ta p'u. Inside.  March 3rd.
66.	Characteristic ruins of mud village.  March 3rd.
67.	Snow covered mountains to S[outh]. as seen from Shuang ta p'u. March 3rd.
68.	15 li W[est]. of Ku Lan hsien.  Ruins.  March 3.
69.	Graves near Liangchow.  March 4th.
70.	The Brave who escorted me from Ku lang hsien to Liangchow.  March 4th.
71.	Mohammedan Chinese in Liangchow.  March 4th.
72.	East gate of Liangchow.  March 5th.
73.	Liangchow.  View from Bell Tower.  March 5th.
74.	Liangchow.  View from Bell Tower.  March 5th.
75.	Liangchow. View from the Bell Tower.  March 5th.
76.	Liangchow from Bell Tower looking N[orth].  March 5th.
77.	Musart Pass.  In the Japarlik Glacier.  June 5th.
78.	View from the back of Bishop Otto's Mission.  March 7th.
79.	The Catholic cemetery at Bishop Otto's.  March 7th.
80.	Ssu shih li p'u.  Characteristic ruins.  March 7th.
81.	Two badly frightened shepherd boys with dogs and sheep.  Badly taken.  March 8th.
82.	Guard house (empty) and pillars marking distance.  March 8th.
83.	Defensible farmstead in country 5 li W[est] of Papa.
84.	Defensible farmstead 5 li W[est] of Papa.  March 8th.
85.	Range to N[orth] of Yung ch'ang hsien.  March 8th.
86.	Bell Tower in centre of Yung Ch'ang hsien.  March 8th.
87.	Ordinary passenger small cart.  March 8th.
88.	My ch'ai jen from Liangchow scared out of his wits. March 8th.
89.	Group in ruined village 35 li E[ast] of Yung Ch'ang hsien. March 8th.
90.	My carts and ponies.  March 9th.
91.	My mafoo.  25 ft.  March 9th.
92.	My mafoo.  15 ft.  March 9th.
93.	Homestead in valley approaching Shui Ch'uan.
94.	Gate tower of Hsia K'ou at mouth of Pass.  March 10th.
95.	My two yamen runners from Hsia k'ou and white pony.  Unarmed ruffians.  March 10th.
96.	Only occupied building among ruins.  March 10th.
97.	Characteristic ruins.  March 10th.
98.	Street in characteristic village.  March 10th.
99.	In ruined village.  March 10th.
100.	Dagoba at Shan tan hsien.  March 11th.					
101.	Ta fo ssu 10 li W[est] of Shantan hsien.  March 11th.
102.	Watermill seen across the pond of ice, the sluice being channel alongside.  March 11th.
103.	The cart of the District.  March 12th.
104.	Nearing Kanchow.  March 12th.
105.	Kanchow.  Liu, the Christian Shansi Banker.  March 12th.
106.	Village near Kanchow.  March 12th.
107.	Kanchow.  View of the Dagoba from the upper story of the Temple.  March 12th.
108.	Kangchow.  View from the S[outh] gate looking towards the Temple.  March 12th.
109.	Kanchow.  The Dagoba.  March 12th.
110.	Kanchow.  The Dagoba.  March 12th.
111.	Dagoba to priest in plain 5 li N.W. of Kanchow.  March 12th.
112.	My guard aet. 18 - armed with pike sent to 'sung' me from Sha ho westwards.  March 13th.
113.	My beggar gun carrier picked up near Kanchow.
114.	Cart of the district.  March 13th.
115.	Cart of the district.  March 13th.
116.	Ruins on the border of the oasis of Lin shui, a former yamen and military camp. Similar ruins everywhere in this inhabited oasis 35 li east of Suchow.
117.	10 li W[est] of Kao tai hsien.  March 15th.
118.	10 li W[est] of Kao tai hsien.  March 15th.
119.	10 li W[est] of Kao tai hsien.  March 15th.
120.	10 li W[est] of Kao tai hsien.  March 15th.
121.	My carter in the inn yard at Hei Ch'uan 50 li from Kao Tai.  March 15th.
122.	Two lamas and one woman trudging along to Suchow, one of the lamas rolling a praying wheel.  March 15.
123.	Hei ch'uan.   March 15th.
124.	Priest of Hung Ssu Miao with the scar of a frightful gash down his right cheek where he was horned by a bull. The stand is for alms from the travellers who have to work their way up this hillock. March 16th.
125.	View across the valley of the Hui Ho from the hill behind the Hung ssu miao.  March 16th.
126.	The only village and that a small one between Hua Ch'ang tzu and Yen Ch'ih called Shen kou (deep ditch). March 16th.
127.	View of mud farmstead in oasis of Lin Shui.  March 18th.
128.	Ruined graveyard in the oasis of Lin shui.  March 18th.
129.	Ruined watch tower always unoccupied every 5 or 10 li. March 18th.
130.	Splingaerd's old yamen at Suchow.  March 19th.
131.	Splingaerd's old yamen at Suchow.  March 19th.
132.	View from Splingaerd's yamen looking N[orth]. Suchow.  March 19th.
133.	Suchow.  Kulou from south. March 19th.
134.	Suchow.  Our inn yard.  March 19th.
135.	Suchow, our landlord.  March 19th.
136.	Suchow, our inn yard.  March 19th.
137.	The Tien chu Tang.  March 19th.
138.	Suchow.  The north gate.  March 19th.
139.	Woman and two girl children at hovel where we had lunch.
140.	Ch'ai jen who escorted me from Suchow.  March 21st.
141.	Eastern gate tower of Chia Yu kuan. March 21st.
142.	View looking east from eastern gate of Chia Yu kuan. March 21st.
143.	View looking E[ast] from east gate of Chia Yu kuan.  March 21st.
144.	Chia Yu kuan from the east.  March 22nd.
145.	Chia Yu kuan.  March 22nd.						
146.	Chia Yu kuan.  March 22nd.
147.	Chia Yu kuan.  March 22nd.
148.	View from Chia Yu kuan looking N.W.  March 22nd.
149.	View from Chia Yu kuan looking W[est].  March 22.
150.	Chia Yu kuan.  March 22nd.
151.	Chia Yu kuan.  March 22nd.
152.	Huang lu kang.  April 7th.
153.	Unoccupied ruined fort near Hui Hui P'o. March 22nd.
154.	On way to Hui Hui P'o looking to S.E.  March 22nd.
155.	On way to Hui Hui P'o.  View to N[orth]. March 22nd.
156.	7 a.m.  Interior of ruined hamlet within mud walls of Hui Hui P'o.  Village now occupied is outside.  March 23rd. 
157.	Huo kou. March  23rd.
158.	Stage of Ch'ih Chin Hsia.  March 23rd.
159.	Stage of Ch'ih Chin Hsia.  March 23rd.
160.	[no caption]
161.	Our innyard at Ch'ih Chin hsia.  March 24th.
162.	Mongol tents with camel  packs in the sand desert  30 li N.W. of Ch'ih Chin hsia.  March 24th.  
163.	Only  shelter for 30 miles between Ch'ih Chin hsia and Yu Men - Gale of wind.  March 24th.
164.	Caretaker of the only shelter between Ch'ih Chin hsia and Yu Men hsien. Kao tan kung fang. March 24th.      
165.	Occupied farm in oasis. March 26th.
166.	Ruins alongside occupied farm in oasis. March 26th.
167.	View across river bed - ruins lining opposite bank. Blinding sandstorm. March 26th.
168.	View of small temple across river bed. March 26th.
169.	The only inn at the  stage of Chi tao kou. March 26th.
170.	Inhabited portion of Bu lung chi. March 26th.
171.	Tomb of  Hami princes. April 10th.
172.	Bu lung chi, a large walled town almost completely empty. Ruins most complete. March 26th.      
173.	Our caravan in the plain 20 li E. of Lo to ching.
174.	Stage of Lo to ching in the desert.  March 27th.
175.	The servant of the inn at Lo to ching. March 27th.
176.	(a) Hill range to the S[outh] of Lo to ching from the same  spot as (b)
177.	(b) View to the stage of Lo to ching from the west. Taken from same spot as (a).
178.	Our cabin at Shih Tung. March 30th.
179.	Our cabin at Shih Tung. March 30th.
180.	Ta Ch'uan - third stage in desert. April 1st.
181.	Desert stage of Pai Tun Tze from the top of the watch tower.  March 30th.
182.	Our Kung kuan at Pai Tun Tze.  March 30th.
183.	Ma Lien Ching.  March 31st.
184.	Ma Lien Ching.
185.	Ma Lien Ching. Hung Liu Yuan.  April 2nd.
186.	Hung Liu Yuan.  April 2nd.
187.	Midday halting place on way to Hsing Hsing hsia.  April 2nd.
188.	Roadside shrine. Two black staves hung with hardened hemp seed oil.  April 2nd.
189.	Lao Tao of Kuan ti miao. Honan man aged 62 - 5 li W[est] of Hsing Hsing hsia.  April 3rd.
190.	Hsia of Hsing Hsing hsia. April 3rd.
191.	Midday. View of the Kuan ti miao. April 3rd.
192.	View 6.15 p.m. of the stage Sha ching. April 3rd.
193.	Taoist priest of Kuan ti miao. Midday rest camp. April 3rd.
194.	Priest at the Kuan ti miao. April 3rd.
195.	Chang liu shui - the first stage in the oasis of Hami 		
196.	My villainous second carter chop dollar. April 6th.
197.	Camels carrying hoop iron from Hami. April 7th.
198.	View N[orth] of Huang Lu Kang.  April 8th.
199.	Chiant'ou farmer near Hami.
200.	Palace of the Hami Prince in the distance.
201.	View from Hami with mountains in background (not appearing in photo).  April 8th.
202.	View by the Hui ch'eng looking N[orth] to the Barkul Mountains.  April 9th.
203.	Pai-ku-t'a of San P'o.  April 12th.
204.	Village of T'on p'o.  April 11th.
205.	Tombs of Erh P'o with snow clad mountains in background. April 11th.
206.	Dismantled ruined fort of San P'o - a common example. Right in the village. April 1th.
207.	Li Ch'uan, the solitary farm by spring of good water 50 li from San Tao Ling. April 13th.
208.	Back view of Ch'ai jen showing his cut down old Tower musket. April 14th.
209.	Front view of Ch'ai jen. April 14th.
210.	Desert where we lunched. April 14th.
211.	The stage of … in narrow pass in the hills. April 15th.
212.	Ch'ai jen showing his sheepskin leggings.  April 15th.
213.	Stone marking bifurcation Nan Lu from Pei lu, half a mile outside Ch'i ko ching tzu. April 16th.
214.	The Pei lu on the way to T'on shui. April 16th.
215.	The Pei lu on the way to T'on shui. April 16th.
216.	The pei lu on the way to T'on shui. April 16th.
217.	T'on shui. April 16th.
218.	Ta shih t'on. April 17th.
219.	Ta shih t'on. April 1th.
220.	Taoist priest on donkey (Kanchow man).  April 18th.
221.	Ling p'an of Mu lei ho from other bank of river. April 19th.  
222.	I wan ch'uan.  My carts at the Mohammedan inn. April 19th.
223.	Camels grazing by the wooden post that marks the turn off to Pal Yang ho. April 19th.  
224.	Camel train in the prairie.  April 20th.
225.	Ch'ant'ou cake seller in main street of Ku ch'eng tzu. April 20th.
226.	Interior of the ruined hsien of Ch'i T'ai hsien.  April 20th.
227.	Ssu shih li p'o where we camped in the open steppe. April 20th.
228.	Three Ch'ant'ous in a roadside hamlet 60 li W[est] of Ku cheng tzu.  April 21st.
229.	Ch'ai jen from Fu Yuan hsien.  April 21st.
230.	Ruined town alongside of new town of Fu Yuan hsien. April 21st.

1. Two three-storied sexagonal twin pagodas 20 li W[est] of Huachow.

2. Ordinary mud villages on road Sian fu to Lanchow. Feb. 1st.

3. Ordinary mud villages on road Sian fu to Lanchow.

Item 06: Photographs of China, 1910 / from the papers of George Ernest Morrison

1.
Li Hung-chung & his family
[Li Hung-chung (1823-1901), an important minister in Late Qing, was born in Hefei, Anhui Province. He built arsenals, founded a military army and established two modern naval bases when he was the Governor General of Zhili (now Hebei) Province in 1870]

2.
a. Group of missionaries and M. Casenave (the 3rd from left, 1st row)
b. Li Hung-chung & his family

3. 
a. Wu, Fantai [the mandarin in Qing Dynasty] 
b-c. Pere/Frere Julianus Verliaeghen

4.
a. [A group of missionaries, She Kou Mountain]
b. Monsigneur Fenouil [?] Vicaire apostolique of Yunnan.
c. Shun Yat-sen. [Shun Yat-sen (1866-1925), Chinese Constitution revolutionary and political leader, called Father of the Nation. He overthrew the Qing Dynasty and was the first provisional president in the Republic China, founded in 1912]

5.
a. [Studio portrait] / Photograph by Harrison, South Kensington. Inscribed "Yours sincerely Siskeong Lueken"
b. Monsigneur Verliaeghen 
c. L'Eveque Theolirnus Verliaeghen

6.
a. Opening ceremony of the Shansi University. Governor-Literary Chancellor - Yang the Director –  Wu the Fantai - Feng the Nichtai - Lien the Taotai. Liu Chih Fu. Yung Nich tai. [The university was established in 1st May,1904. The governor of Shansi Province asked for the merging of the Chinese and the western School founded by Timothy Richard, the British missionary into Shansi University]
b. Lien Ta Shuai. Cheng Tartai. Pi Szu Shih

7.
a. Fantai, Futai, Literary Chancellor, Nith? tai, Yang, Tartai, Professors and officials
b. Group of officials at Anna Miven [?]

8.
a. Officials of Ti hua fu
b. Professors and officials of the Agricultural Camp. Yao sitting next to Professor Okada

9.
a. Mongol soldiers – “the middle one came to see me”- Morrison
b. Chief Pei Ying and his officers outside Ponghong office 7th June 1913
c. Gent-Ma Yu Kun and staff
d. [Female soldiers in] the Chinese Republic Amazon Crops, Shanghai
e. [New Army soldiers in 1906]

10.
a. Yuan Shih-kai [or Shikai]... Dec 14th 1914 (engraving)
b. [Studio portrait of] Eki Hioki, Peking 16/9/16.  Eki Hioki (1861-1926), Japanese minister to China.He represented Japanese government to deliver the “21 demands” to president Yuan Shih-Kai on 18th January,1915. He threatened Yuan : the treaty must be signed as soon as possible and keep secret. 
c. Bishop Verliaeghen at his appointment

11.
a. [Group portrait with Sir Claude MacDonald (1st from left sitting in the 2nd row from top), the British Royal Marines and other defenders after the siege of the foreign legations, Peking, 1900] 
b,c,f. [Chinese officer of the new Troops (1st on the left) and Western officers at the Autumn Manoeuvre, 1906]
d. [Soldiers of No.3 Sea Battalion of Germany in 1900]
e. [Russian barricade in the Legation Quarter of Peking in 1900]
g. [Russian officers at the Autumn Manoeuvre, 1906]
h. [Morrison talking to a Russian officer at the Autumn manoeuvre, 1906]

12.
a. [Tok tan tai chi, .... C. in C. of the Mongol troops, a famous Mongolian robber chief]
b. K. Hayashide - Japanese [Hayashide Kenjiro]
c. Bodg Khan
d. Le Khanbo - Lama Agovan Dordji [Agvan Dorjiev]

13. Postcards
a. Sun Wen [Sun Yat-sen], President of the Provisional Government of the Republic China
b. Chang Tai Ten. A noted Revolutionist
c. Lung Chi Kuang. Revolutionary Commissioner of Conciliation at Kwangtung [Province]
d. [Group portrait illustrated with flags]
e. Wen Tsung Yao. Sub-Director of Foreign Affairs for the Republic Government of China
f. [Group portrait]
g. Huang Hsing. The Secretary of War of Republic China
h. Sung Chiao jen. Chairman of the Legislative Body of the Chinese Republic Government
i. Li Yuan Hung Vice-President of the Provisional Government of the Chinese Republic
j. Dr. Wu Ting Fang. Director of Foreign Affairs for the Republic Government of China.

14.
a. Tsen chun hsuan
b. Yi Kwan
c. [Group portrait]
d. ... M. Inayaki Dec 11th 1901 Bangkok, Siam
e. [Portrait of two men in uniform] / photographed by K. Murakami, Seoul, Korea

15.
a. [Yuan Shikai in civilian dress]
b. Tuan chung-chi ... 
c. Tochtan taichi
d. [Chung Chih-tung (1837-1909), Governor General of Hubei and Hunan Province, a native of Nanpi, Chihli Province (now Hopeh), taken with a British officer at Paoting, Chihli Province, 14 May, 1903]
e. [Group photo, May 14. 1903. Paoting fu Chang Chih-tung and the local mandarins in Chihli with British officers]

16.
a. Hu Yu-fen, [native of Shchow, Anhui Province. He was the manager of the Marco Polo Bridge-Tientsin railway and a general of the Ding Wu army, the predecessor of the New Troops]
b. Peng Ying Chia. Tientsin, 20/6/1915. [Peng devoted himself to the reform as Taptai in Kansu Province and became the President of the Provincial Bureau of Foreign Affairs and other offices]
c. [Chao Erh-feng (1846-1911), Chinese “Bannerman”, was Acting Viceroy of Sichuan during the Revolution of 1911. He was killed by the insurrectionary army]
d. Chao Mien formerly in Telegraphs Bureau ...
e. Hwang Chung-huei (1844-1927), [assistant to Chao Erh-hsun, acting manager of Ministry of Finance in 1904 and former Governor of Hunan]
f. ... Lingohwang, Peking, April 1903
g. N. Uchida, Peking

17. Printed postcards
a. Chu Jui. Commander in chief of the Chekiang Division of the Allied Army in the attack of Nanking
b. Hsu Shao Cheng. Commander in Chief of the Kiangsu and Chekiang Division of the Allied Army in the attack of Nanking.
c. Wu Chieh Chang. Former General of Kiangse
d. Ku Tsung Shen. Staff-officer of the Kiangsu Division of the Allied Army in the attack of Nanking
e. Cheng Te Chuan. Generalissimo of Kiangsu 
f. Chiang Ten Hsing. General of Chingkiangpu
g. Chuang Yun Kuan. Acting General of Kiangsu
h. Tan Yen Kai. General of Hunan

18. Printed postcards
a. Hu Han Min. General of Kwangtung
b. Ma Yu Pao. General of Kiangse
c. Wang Chao Ming. General of Kwangtung
d. Chen Chiung Ming. Assistant General of Kwangtu, [then] Acting General of Kuangtung
e. General Wu Lu Chen. [He was] murdered at Shinkiachwang Station, Chihli
f. Lan Tien Wei. General of Kwangtung
g. Chen Chi Mei. General of Shanghai
h. Sun Tao Jen. General of Foochow

19.
a. Mongolian princess
b. Shen ke-wei/Shen Chien. Beaten to death, Friday 31.7.1903.  [Revolutionary Shen Chien participated in the Zili army uprising of 1901. He then went on to carry out investigative journalism in Peking in the guise of an antique merchant and was able to gain access to the as yet unsigned Sino-Russian secret treaty, the contents of which he published in a newspaper]
c. [Morrison's household staff and their family]
d. [Snapshot of man in a courtyard]
e. Dr. Lei (1st from left) and his staff of I Section Office in old theatre
f. Le Colonel Aoki.
g. A bad street in Section II (Dr Hou - Japanese .... [Anti-plague team in Section II ]
h. [Studio portrait of woman in a kimono]

Item 26: Identified Asian portraits, ca. 1900-1920 / photographs from the papers of George Ernest Morrison

Background and Purpose. Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a highly prevalent disease, and Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) is commonly used for treating AR. This study aims to demonstrate the CHM network for AR and possible molecular pathways. Materials and Methods. Patients with a primary diagnosis of AR (ICD-9-CM code: 477.9) in 2010 were included, and the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan was used as the data source. Association rule mining and social network analysis were used to establish and explore the CHM network. Possible molecular pathways of the CHM network were summarized and compared with commonly used western medicine (WM) by conducting overrepresentation analysis in the Reactome pathway database. The potential proteins acted by CHMs were obtained from the CHM ingredient-protein databases, including STITCH, TCMSP, TCMID, and TCM@Taiwan. Results. There were 89,148 AR subjects found in 2010, and a total of 33,507 patients ever used CHM. On an average, 5.6 types of CHMs were utilized per prescription. Xin-Yi-Qing-Fei-Tang was used most frequently (25.5% of 222,279 prescriptions), while Xiao-Qing-Long-Tang with Xin-Yi-San was the most commonly prescribed CHM-CHM combination. Up to six distinctive clusters could be found among the CHM network, and core CHMs could be found for AR, such as Xiao-Qing-Long-Tang and Xin-Yi-Qing-Fei-Tang. A total of 140 molecular pathways were covered by the CHM network (2,432 ingredients from 31 kinds of CHMs), while 39 WMs covered 55 pathways. Among pathways responding to the immune system, WM mainly acted on cytokine signaling-related pathways, while CHM mostly acted on neutrophil/macrophage-related innate pathways and dendritic cell-related adaptive immunity pathways. Conclusion. Our study demonstrated and analyzed the CHM network for AR. Core CHM for AR and possible molecular pathways were presented as well, and this information is crucial for researchers to select candidates for CHM-related studies.

Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine, 2020, Vol.2020 (2020), p.1-14

Identifying the Chinese Herbal Medicine Network and Core Formula for Allergic Rhinitis on a Real-World Database

Incorporation of fluoroalkyl motifs in pharmaceuticals can enhance the therapeutic profiles of the parent molecules. The hydrofluoroalkylation of alkenes has emerged as a promising route to diverse fluoroalkylated compounds; however, current methods require superstoichiometric oxidants, expensive/oxidative fluoroalkylating reagents and precious metals, and often exhibit limited scope, making a universal protocol that addresses these limitations highly desirable. Here we report the hydrofluoroalkylation of alkenes with cheap, abundant and available fluoroalkyl carboxylic acids as the sole reagents. Hydrotrifluoro-, difluoro-, monofluoro- and perfluoroalkylation are all demonstrated, with broad scope, mild conditions (redox neutral) and potential for late-stage modification of bioactive molecules. Critical to success is overcoming the exceedingly high redox potential of feedstock fluoroalkyl carboxylic acids such as trifluoroacetic acid by leveraging cooperative earth-abundant, inexpensive iron and redox-active thiol catalysis, enabling these reagents to be directly used as hydroperfluoroalkylation donors without pre-activation. Preliminary mechanistic studies support the radical nature of this cooperative process.
Alkene hydrofluoroalkylation offers a promising route to diverse fluoroalkylated compounds but current methods have limitations, such as needing expensive fluoroalkylating reagents. Now, leveraging iron photocatalysis and hydrogen-atom-transfer catalysis, a hydrofluoroalkylation method has been developed that utilizes feedstock chemicals such as trifluoroacetic acid as direct fluoroalkyl radical precursors, providing a redox-neutral, general protocol to introduce fluoroalkyl moieties.

Nature chemistry, 2023-12, Vol.15 (12), p.1683-1692

Photocatalytic hydrofluoroalkylation of alkenes with carboxylic acids

Asymmetric hydrogenation of activated olefins using transition metal catalysis is a powerful tool for synthesis of complex molecules, but traditional metal catalysts have difficulty with enantioselective reduction of electron-neutral, electron-rich, and minimally functionalized olefins. Hydrogenation based on radical, metal-catalyzed hydrogen atom transfer (mHAT) mechanisms offers an outstanding opportunity to overcome these difficulties, enabling mild reduction of these challenging olefins with selectivity that is complementary to traditional hydrogenations with H2. Further, mHAT presents an opportunity for asymmetric induction through cooperative hydrogen atom transfer (cHAT) using chiral thiols. Here, we report insights from an in-depth mechanistic study of an iron-catalyzed achiral cHAT reaction and leverage these insights to deliver stereocontrol from chiral thiols. Mechanistic studies, including kinetic analysis and variation of silane structure, point to the transfer of hydride from silane to iron as the likely rate-limiting step. The data indicate that the selectivity-determining step is quenching of the alkyl radical by thiol, which becomes a more potent H-atom donor when coordinated to iron(II). The resulting iron(III)-thiolate complex is in equilibrium with other iron species, including FeII(acac)2, which is shown to be the predominant off-cycle species. The enantiodetermining nature of the thiol trapping step enables enantioselective net hydrogenation of olefins through cHAT using a commercially available glucose-derived thiol catalyst, with up to 80:20 enantiomeric ratio. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of asymmetric hydrogenation via iron-catalyzed mHAT. These findings advance our understanding of cooperative radical catalysis and enable development of enantioselective catalysis predicated upon asymmetric iron-catalyzed mHAT reactions.

ChemRxiv, 2023-11

Fe/Thiol Cooperative HAT Olefin Hydrogenation: Mechanistic Insights that Inform Enantioselective Catalysis

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Item 06: Photographs of China, 1910 / from the papers of George Ernest Morrison

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Item 26: Identified Asian portraits, ca. 1900-1920 / photographs from the papers of George Ernest Morrison

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Identifying the Chinese Herbal Medicine Network and Core Formula for Allergic Rhinitis on a Real-World Database

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Photocatalytic hydrofluoroalkylation of alkenes with carboxylic acids

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Fe/Thiol Cooperative HAT Olefin Hydrogenation: Mechanistic Insights that Inform Enantioselective Catalysis

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