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The proceedings of the seminar on "The purpose & function of the library in national education" : held at Central Government Teacher's Training College, Nazimabad from the 7th to 10th April 1961, jointly sponsored by the S.S.C.C. & S.P.I.L / edited by Carroll C. Moreland and M. Adil Usmani.

Corona ionisation from AC HV power lines (HVPL) can release ions into the environment, which have the potential to electrically charge pollutant aerosol in the atmosphere. It has been hypothesised that these charged particles have an enhanced probability of being deposited in human airways upon inhalation due to electrostatic attraction by image charge within the lung, with implications for human health. Carbonaceous aerosol particles from a Technegas generator were artificially charge-enhanced using a corona charger. Once generated, particles were passed through the charger, which was either on or off, and stored in a 15 litre conducting bag for ∼20 minutes to observe size and charge distribution changes over time. Charge states were estimated using two Sequential Mobility Particle Sizers measuring the size and mobility distributions. Charge-neutral particles were measured 7 times and positive particles 9 times, the average charge-neutral value of x was 1.00 (sd = 0.06) while the average positive value was 4.60 (0.72). The system will be used to generate positive or charge neutral particles for delivery to human volunteers in an inhalation study to assess the impact of charge on ultrafine (size < 100 nm) particle deposition.

Journal of physics. Conference series, 2015-10, Vol.646 (1), p.12044

Re-creation of aerosol charge state found near HV power lines using a high voltage corona charger

Evidence that enables us to identify, assess, and access the small airways in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has led INTERASMA (Global Asthma Association) and WAO to take a position on the role of the small airways in these diseases.Starting from an extensive literature review, both organizations developed, discussed, and approved the manifesto, which was subsequently approved and endorsed by the chairs of ARIA and GA2LEN. The manifesto describes the evidence gathered to date and defines and proposes issues on small airway involvement and management in asthma and COPD with the aim of challenging assumptions, fostering commitment, and bringing about change.The small airways (defined as those with an internal diameter <2 mm) are involved in the pathogenesis of asthma and COPD and are the major determinant of airflow obstruction in these diseases. Various tests are available for the assessment of the small airways, and their results must be integrated to confirm a diagnosis of small airway dysfunction.In asthma and COPD, the small airways play a key role in attempts to achieve disease control and better outcomes. Small-particle inhaled formulations (defined as those that, owing to their size [usually <2 μm], ensure more extensive deposition in the lung periphery than large molecules) have proved beneficial in patients with asthma and COPD, especially those in whom small airway involvement is predominant.Functional and biological tools capable of accurately assessing the lung periphery and more intensive use of currently available tools are necessary. In patients with suspected COPD or asthma, small airway involvement must be assessed using currently available tools. In patients with subotpimal disease control and/or functional or biological signs of disease activity, the role of small airway involvement should be assessed and treatment tailored. Therefore, the choice between large- and small-particle inhaled formulations must reflect the physician’s considerations of disease features, phenotype, and response to previous therapy. This article is being co-published in Asthma Research and Practice and the World Allergy Organization Journal.

The World Allergy Organization journal, 2016-01, Vol.9

Manifesto on small airway involvement and management in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an Interasma (Global Asthma Association - GAA) and World Allergy Organization (WAO) document endorsed by Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) and Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA2LEN)

The objective of this study was to observe and analyze the effects of inhalation of low-dose budesonide powder combined with pulmonary rehabilitation in the treatment of bronchial asthma, and to explore the mechanism of action. In this study, 180 patients who had been diagnosed and treated for bronchial asthma in our hospital were enrolled as research objects. They were divided into experimental group accepting inhalation of low-dose budesonide powder combined with pulmonary rehabilitation and control group accepting conventional drug therapy. The therapeutic effects of the two groups were compared. Compared with the control group (77.78%), the overall treatment effective rate of was significantly higher in the experimental group (94.44%), p<0.05. The improvement degree of pulmonary function in the experimental group was more significant than that in the control group, p<0.05. Observing asthma symptom scores of the patients in the two groups, it was found that the asthma symptom scores of the experimental group were significantly lower 2 months and 6 months of treatment, than those of the control group, p<0.05. It is conducted that inhalation of low-dose budesonide powder combined with pulmonary rehabilitation therapy in patients with bronchial asthma can significantly improve the therapeutic effect, which is worthy of promotion and application. Keywords: Inhalation of budesonide powder, Pulmonary rehabilitation, Bronchial asthma, Mechanism of action Bronchial asthma is a heterogeneous disease characterized by chronic airway inflammation involving multiple cells (eosinophils, mast cells, T lymphocytes, neutrophils, airway epithelial cells, etc.) and cellular components (Ozdemir, 2020). This chronic inflammation is associated with airway hyperreactivity, usually with extensive and variable reversible expiratory airflow restriction, leading to recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and/or cough, with varying intensity over time (Zou, 2017). Most bronchial asthma attacks and exacerbations occur at night and/or in the early morning, and most patients can spontaneously relieve or be relieved by treatment (Park et al., 2016). At present, there are many effective drug treatments for bronchial asthma. Glucocorticoids have a very significant application effect in terms of anti-immunity and anti-inflammation. Through inhalation therapy, they can act locally on patients without serious adverse reactions (Shimoda et al., 2017). however, long-term inhalation of large amounts of glucocorticoids can easily lead to sinusitis, respiratory tract infection and other conditions (Liu et al., 2017). Inhalation of low-dose budesonide powder combined with pulmonary rehabilitation in the treatment of bronchial asthma (Wang et al., 2018) is evaluated in this study. Materials and methods In this study, 180 patients who had been treated for bronchial asthma in our hospital from January 2016 to May 2019 were enrolled as experimental subjects. All patients passed the clinical comprehensive examination and met the diagnostic criteria of bronchial asthma in the guidelines for the prevention and treatment of bronchial asthma for enrolling in study and considering congenital heart disease, bronchial foreign body and other respiratory diseases, and patients with serious organ dysfunction and mental disorders as exclusion criteria (Fu, 2018). The patients were randomly divided into experimental group and control group, each containing 90 cases. There were 50 male patients and 40 female patients in the experimental group, respectively, with an average age of (46.7±2.1) years and an average course of disease of (5.2±0.6) years. In contrast, there were 48 male patients and 42 female patients in the control group, respectively, with an average age of (47.3±2.8) years and an average course of disease of (5.5±0.9) years. There were no significant differences in general data between two groups, p>0.05. Table I. Comparison of pulmonary function indicators between the two groups (x¯ ±s). Group FEV1(L) FVC(L) FEV1/FVC PEF Before After Before After Before After Before After treatment treatment treatment treatment treatment treatment treatment treatment Experimental 1.4±0.2 1.9±0.5 2.2±0.3 2.9±0.1 62.39±10.28 74.55±13.20 58.2±1.3 78.9±2.0 group Control group 1.4±0.7 1.5±0.3 2.3±0.6 2.4±0.8 62.93±9.36 65.80±12.37 57.6±1.4 66.5±2.5 t 0.29 4.59 0.11 6.58 0.20 5.32 0.14 5.90 p >0.05 <0.05 >0.05 <0.05 >0.05 <0.05 >0.05 <0.05 Table II. Comparison of overall treatment effective rate between the two groups [n (%)]. Group Significant effective Effective Ineffective Overall treatment effective rate Experimental group(n=90) 50 35 5 85(94.44) Control group(n=90) 40 30 20 70(77.78) X2 10.29 p <0.05 Table III. Comparison of asthma symptom scores between two groups (x¯ ±s). Group Number of cases Before treatment 2 months after treatment 6 months after treatment Experimental group 90 1.958±0.046 0.240±0.011 0.239±0.057 Control group 90 1.980±0.036 0.456±0.039 0.399±0.063 X2 0.18 5.70 9.31 p >0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Patients in the control group were given routine medication. During asthma attack, patients were instructed to oral administration of prednisone (5 mg, once a day); theophylline controlled-release tablets (0.2g, twice a day); and inhaled salbutamol aerosol (200µg, three times a day). During the remission phase, no medication was given. Patients in the experimental group were treated with low-dose budesonide inhalation therapy. Patients inhaled budesonide powder fog before sleep. Patients in the asthma attack were inhaled with salbutamol aerosol (200 mg, three times a day). Both groups were treated for one year. Patients in the experimental group were given pulmonary rehabilitation based on the instruction provided on the study of Schultz et al. (2017). After treatment, the pulmonary function indexes of the two groups were observed and compared. Forced expiratory volume (FEV1), forced expiratory volume (FVC), FEV1/FVC and peak expiratory velocity (PEF) were counted. The overall treatment effective rate was observed and the score of asthma symptoms was calculated. Statistical analysis software SPSS21.0 was used to process data. The measurement data were expressed by mean ± average (x¯± s), with t test conducted for intergroup comparison. Enumeration data were expressed by natural (n) and percentage (%), with X2 used for intergroup comparison. The intergroup difference is of statistical value when P<0.05. Results and discussion Table I shows the comparison of pulmonary function indicators between two groups. The improvement effect of pulmonary function indicators in the experimental group was more significant, p<0.05. Table II, The overall treatment effective rate of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group, p<0.05. Table III shows symptom scores of the patients in the experimental group after treatment were significantly better than those before treatment, and there was a significant difference with the control group, p<0.05. Bronchial asthma is a common and frequent occurring disease. Once it cannot be treated timely and effectively, it will endanger the life safety of patients. Practical experience has shown that the single implementation of drug treatment for bronchial asthma patients, the results are not uniform, so it is usually to take comprehensive therapy (Eric et al., 2018; Zou et al., 2018). Remission type drugs (short-acting oral β2 agonists, short-acting theophylline, inhaled anticholinergic agents, etc.) are used to relieve bronchospasm symptoms (Zou et al., 2018). Budesonide is a highly effective local anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid that enhances the stability of lysosomal membrane, smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells, inhibits immune response and reduces antibody synthesis, and weakens the activity and release of allergenic agents (Practical, 2019). Budesonide can weaken the enzymatic stimulation during the binding of antigens and antibodies, and block the release and synthesis of bronchoconstrictor substances, so as to reduce the contraction response of smooth muscle (Shin et al., 2019; hakim et al., 2019; Tashkin et al., 2019). It is widely used in the treatment of glucocorticoid-independent bronchial asthma, as well as the treatment of dependent bronchial asthma and asthmatic chronic bronchitis. A small dose of budesonide powder aerosol for inhalation therapy can quickly deliver the drug to the airway surface of patients, promote the absorption of the drug and reduce the rate of adverse reactions, so it has a reliable safety (Janson et al., 2019). Conclusion In conclusion, inhalation of low-dose budesonide powder combined with pulmonary rehabilitation therapy in patients with bronchial asthma can significantly improve the therapeutic effect and positively improve the pulmonary function. Statement of conflict of interest The authors have declared no conflict of interest. References Eric, D.B., Christopher, O.B., Paul, R., Sally, L., Stefan, I. and Mohib, U., 2018. Drug Design Develop. Ther., 56: 78-83. Fu, h.G., 2018. J. Clin. Emerg., 19: 269-271. hakim, A., Khan, Y., Esteban, I., Meah, S., Miller-Larsson, A., Barnes, P.J. and Usmani, O.S., 2019. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 199: 662-664. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201808-1590LE Janson, C., Benhaddi, h., Tornblom, M., Uhde, M. and Johansson, G., 2019. Eur. Clin. Respir. J., 6: Article number 1660565. Liu, W.h., 2017. Contemp. Med., 23: 120-122. Ozdemir, M., 2020. Pakistan J. Zool., 52: 393-396. Park, h.Y., Lee, h., Lee, S.h., Price, D., Yoo, K.h., Kim, T.h., Rhee, C.K., Lee, B.J., Choi, D.C., Kim, J.A., Kim, S.h., Jeong, Y.L., Chon, G.R. and Jung, K.S., 2016. Int. J. Chron. Obstruc. Pulm. Dis., 10: 120-125. https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S95954 Practical study team, 2019. Lancet, 394: 919-928. Schultz, K., Seidl, h., Jelusic, D., Wagner, R., Wittmann, M., Faller, h., Nowak, D., Schuler, M., 2017. BMC Pulm. Med., 17: 49. https://doi.org/10

Pakistan journal of zoology, 2022-06, Vol.54 (3), p.1443

Short Communication - Effect of Inhalation of Low-Dose Budesonide Powder Combined with Pulmonary Rehabilitation in the Treatment of Bronchial Asthma

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The proceedings of the seminar on "The purpose & function of the library in national education" : held at Central Government Teacher's Training College, Nazimabad from the 7th to 10th April 1961, join...

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Re-creation of aerosol charge state found near HV power lines using a high voltage corona charger

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Manifesto on small airway involvement and management in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an Interasma (Global Asthma Association - GAA) and World Allergy Organization (WAO) document e...

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Short Communication - Effect of Inhalation of Low-Dose Budesonide Powder Combined with Pulmonary Rehabilitation in the Treatment of Bronchial Asthma

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