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Why junior doctors don't want to become general practitioners [electronic resource] : a discrete choice experiment from the MABEL longitudinal study of doctors / Peter Sivey ... [et al.].

Deriving welfare measures from stated preference discrete choice modelling experiments [electronic resource] / by Emily Lancsar.

The imitation factor : evolution beyond the gene / Lee Alan Dugatkin.

Quantitative tools for microeconomic policy analysis : conference proceedings, Canberra, 17-18 November 2004.

The reflective life : living wisely with our limits / Valerie Tiberius.

Early : an intimate history of premature birth and what it teaches us about being human / Sarah DiGregorio.

KLIMIK dergisi, 2024-06, Vol.37 (2), p.97-103

Preferences For COVID-19 Vaccines Among University Students: A Discrete Choice Experiment

Vitae (Medellín), 2015-01, Vol.22, p.S97

PREFERENCIAS DE LOS PACIENTES EN PROGRAMAS DE SEGUIMIENTO TERAPÉUTICO: EXPERIMENTO DE ELECCIÓN DISCRETA/PATIENTS' PREFERENCES IN THERAPEUTIC FOLLOW-UP PROGRAMS: DISCRETE CHOICE EXPERIMENT

Purpose
The aim of this study was to assess patients’ preferences for efficacy, safety, and mode of administration in relation to available bone-targeted agents (BTA) for the prevention of skeletal-related events (SREs) associated with bone metastases in Europe.
Methods
Adults in France (
n
 = 159), Germany (
n
 = 166), and the United Kingdom (UK;
n
 = 159) with a self-reported physician diagnosis of bone metastases secondary to a solid tumour completed an online discrete- choice experiment survey of ten questions, choosing between pairs of hypothetical BTA profiles. Profiles were defined by five treatment attributes: delay of first SRE, delay of worsening of pain, annual risk of osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ), annual risk of renal impairment, and mode of administration. Profiles were generated using an experimental design with known statistical properties. A main-effects random parameters logit (RPL) model was applied to relate participants’ choices to the characteristics of the BTA profiles.
Results
The most important treatment attributes for patients across all three countries were time until first SRE, annual risk of renal complications and time until pain worsening. For these attributes, better levels of outcomes were significantly preferred to worse levels (
p
 < 0.05). A 120-minutes infusion every 4 weeks was the least preferred mode of administration. Risk of ONJ was judged by patients in the UK and Germany to be the least important attribute.
Conclusions
Patients consider delaying SREs, avoiding renal impairment and delaying pain worsening as the most important goals to consider when selecting treatment to prevent the bone complications commonly associated with bone metastases.

Supportive care in cancer, 2015-01, Vol.23 (1), p.21-28

Patients’ preferences for bone metastases treatments in France, Germany and the United Kingdom

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi pesquisar as preferências dos consumidores pelos principais atributos envolvidos no processo de compra da carne bovina, em Dracena-SP. Assim, foram realizadas 166 entrevistas nas vias públicas da cidade, em julho e agosto de 2017. Para as entrevistas, empregou-se um questionário estruturado. As preferências médias foram determinadas por regressão logística multinomial e os segmentos de mercado foram estimados através da análise de classes latentes. Os resultados mostram que o atributo mais importante no processo da compra da carne bovina é a sua aparência e este é seguido pela data de validade presente na embalagem e o frescor da carne. Apurou-se que existem cinco segmentos de mercado. O maior, que engloba 31,3% dos consumidores, é caracterizado pela importância aferida aos atributos ligados à qualidade organoléptica. O segundo segmento representa a preferência de 18,9% dos consumidores e foram definidos como “preocupados com a saúde”, por dar prioridade ao cheiro e frescor da carne. O menor segmento, que corresponde a 8,6% dos consumidores. Para aumentar a aceitação da carne, é preciso cuidar de seu aspecto no ponto de venda e esta deve estar em bom estado de conservação e com data de abate a mais recente possível.
Abstract: The objective of this work was to investigate the consumer preferences of the main attributes involved on beef purchase process, in Dracena - Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Thus, it was carried out 116 interviews in the city’s public thoroughfares, in July and August 2017. A structured questionnaire was used for interviews. Average preferences were determined by multinomial logistic regression and market segments were estimated through the latent class analysis. Results show that the most important attribute of beef purchase process is its appearance and it is followed by the expiration data on the packaging and meat freshness. It was found that there are five market segments. The largest, which comprises 31.3% of consumers, is characterized by the importance given to those attributes related to organoleptic quality. The second segment represents the preference of 18.9% of consumers, and they were defined as “concerned with health”, for giving priority to beef’s smell and freshness. The smallest segment is only 8.6% of consumers. To increase beef acceptance, it is necessary to take care of its aspect at selling point, and it must be in a good conservation state and with a recent slaughter date.

Revista de economia e sociologia rural, 2021, Vol.59 (2), p.1

Segmentos de preferências na aquisição da carne bovina

Understanding the preferences of patients and health professionals is useful for health policy and planning. Discrete choice experiments (DCEs) are a quantitative technique for eliciting preferences that can be used in the absence of revealed preference data. The method involves asking individuals to state their preference over hypothetical alternative scenarios, goods or services. Each alternative is described by several attributes and the responses are used to determine whether preferences are significantly influenced by the attributes and also their relative importance. DCEs are widely used in high-income contexts and are increasingly being applied in low- and middle-income countries to consider a range of policy concerns. This paper aims to provide an introduction to DCEs for policy-makers and researchers with little knowledge of the technique. We outline the stages involved in undertaking a DCE, with an emphasis on the design considerations applicable in a low-income setting.

Health policy and planning, 2009-03, Vol.24 (2), p.151-158

How to do (or not to do) … Designing a discrete choice experiment for application in a low-income country

Background
As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic is sweeping across the globe, there is an urgent need to develop effective vaccines as the most powerful strategy to end the pandemic. This study aimed to examine how factors related to vaccine characteristics, their social normative influence and convenience of vaccination can affect the public's preference for the uptake of the COVID‐19 vaccine in China.
Methods
An online discrete choice experiment (DCE) survey was administered to a sample of China's general population. Participants were asked to make a series of hypothetical choices and estimate their preference for different attributes of the vaccine. A mixed logit regression model was used to analyse the DCE data. Willingness to pay for each attribute was also calculated.
Results
Data of 1236 participants who provided valid responses were included in the analysis. There was strong public preference for high effectiveness of the vaccine, followed by long protective duration, very few adverse events and being manufactured overseas. Price was the least important attribute affecting the public preference in selecting the COVID‐19 vaccine.
Conclusions
The strong public preferences detected in this study should be considered when developing COVID‐19 vaccination programme in China. The results provide useful information for policymakers to identify the individual and social values for a good vaccination strategy.
Patient or Public Contribution
The design of the experimental choices was fully based on interviews and focus group discussions participated by 26 Chinese people with diverse socio‐economic backgrounds. Without their participation, the study would not be possible.

Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy, 2020-12, Vol.23 (6), p.1543-1578

Public preference for COVID‐19 vaccines in China: A discrete choice experiment

Aims
To estimate young adults’ preferences for cigarettes and e‐cigarettes, and how preferences vary by policy‐relevant factors. A related aim was to provide information on potential substitution/complementarity across cigarettes and e‐cigarettes ahead of policy selection.
Design
An online discrete choice experiment (DCE) in which respondents chose their preferred option among cigarettes, two types of e‐cigarettes (disposable/reusable) and ‘none’. Each cigarette‐type was characterized by policy‐relevant attributes: flavors, short‐term health risks to self, secondhand smoke risks and price. A latent class model identified smoking types that respond differently to these.
Setting
US tobacco market.
Participants
A total of 2003 young adults (aged 18–22 years) who ever tried either cigarettes or e‐cigarettes, recruited via the survey platform Qualtrics, matched to the 2015 National Health Interview Survey by age, gender, education and census region.
Measurements
Respondents’ DCE choices.
Findings
Young adults fell into two broad categories. One latent group, termed ‘prefer smoking group’, preferred cigarettes and another, ‘prefer vaping group’, preferred e‐cigarettes. The ‘prefer smoking group’ preferred lower prices and lower health harms more than other attributes. The ‘prefer vaping group’ valued these, although price less intensely, and valued health and fruit/candy flavors more.
Conclusion
Banning all flavors in cigarettes and e‐cigarettes might improve the health of young adults who ever tried either cigarettes or e‐cigarettes. Young adult ever‐triers might be deterred from smoking by increasing cigarette prices and encouraged to switch to e‐cigarettes by reducing the health harms of e‐cigarettes. Reducing health harms of e‐cigarettes could also make the ‘prefer vaping group’ less likely to quit, resulting in increased health harm.

Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2019-08, Vol.114 (8), p.1427-1435

The impact of flavors, health risks, secondhand smoke and prices on young adults’ cigarette and e‐cigarette choices: a discrete choice experiment

Introduction
Existing biomedical HIV prevention options, though highly effective, present substantial adherence challenges. End‐user input on early‐stage design of new HIV prevention approaches is critical to yielding products that achieve high uptake and adherence. The iPrevent Study examined youths’ preferences for key attributes of long‐acting Pre‐Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP), with a focus on characteristics pertinent to product delivery alongside key modifiable product attributes.
Methods
A discrete choice experiment was conducted with female and male youth aged 18 to 24 in two high‐density communities in Cape Town, South Africa during the period July 2017 to January 2019. Sexually active, PrEP‐naïve youth were recruited using population‐based sampling; targeted sampling was used to enrol men who have sex with men (MSM). In a series of nine questions, participants were asked to choose between two hypothetical products composed of five attributes (form, dosing frequency, access, pain, insertion site). We used a random‐parameters logit model to estimate preference weights and trade‐offs among product alternatives. We examined differences across three subgroups: females, men who have sex with only women (MSW) and MSM.
Results
A total of 807 participants (401 female) were enrolled with a median age of 21 years. Males included 190 MSM. Most youth had tested for HIV (95%) and reported being HIV‐negative (91%). Across all groups, duration of effectiveness was the most important attribute, with strong preference for less frequent dosing. Injections were favoured over implants, though these preferences were strongest for females and MSM. Females preferred a product offered at a health clinic and disliked pharmacy access; all groups preferred the arm as the insertion site. Youth were willing to trade their preferred product form for longer duration.
Conclusions
Youth indicated strong preferences for longer duration products. Each attribute nonetheless influenced preferences, offering insight into trade‐offs that inform long‐acting PrEP development.

Journal of the International AIDS Society, 2020-06, Vol.23 (6), p.e25528-n/a

Preferences for long‐acting Pre‐Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention among South African youth: results of a discrete choice experiment

Background:
Patients’ preferences are important for shared decision making. Therefore, we investigated patients’ and urologists’ preferences for treatment alternatives for early prostate cancer (PC).
Methods:
A discrete choice experiment was conducted among 150 patients who were waiting for their biopsy results, and 150 urologists. Regression analysis was used to determine patients’ and urologists’ stated preferences using scenarios based on PC treatment modality (radiotherapy, surgery, and active surveillance (AS)), and risks of urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction.
Results:
The response rate was 110 out of 150 (73%) for patients and 50 out of 150 (33%) for urologists. Risk of urinary incontinence was an important determinant of both patients’ and urologists’ stated preferences for PC treatment (
P
<0.05). Treatment modality also influenced patients’ stated preferences (
P
<0.05), whereas the risk of erectile dysfunction due to radiotherapy was mainly important to urologists (
P
<0.05). Both patients and urologists preferred AS to radical treatment, with the exception of patients with anxious/depressed feelings who preferred radical treatment to AS.
Conclusion:
Although patients and urologists generally may prefer similar treatments for PC, they showed different trade-offs between various specific treatment aspects. This implies that urologists need to be aware of potential differences compared with the patient’s perspective on treatment decisions in shared decision making on PC treatment.

British journal of cancer, 2013-08, Vol.109 (3), p.633-640

Patients’ and urologists’ preferences for prostate cancer treatment: a discrete choice experiment

Introduction
Recent advances in long‐acting antiretroviral therapy (LA‐ART) could provide new options for HIV treatment and reduce adherence barriers, if regimens are acceptable to patients. We elicited preferences for key attributes of potential LA‐ART regimens among people with HIV (PWH) in the United States, focusing on four treatment modes (oral tablets, subcutaneous injections, intramuscular injections, and implants), product characteristics and location of administration.
Methods
A discrete choice experiment was conducted among PWH aged ≥18 years recruited from HIV clinics in Washington State and Atlanta, Georgia from March 2021 to June 2022. Participants responded to 17 choice scenarios, each with three options: two systematically generated hypothetical LA‐ART regimens and a constant opt‐out (their current daily oral treatment). LA‐ART regimen descriptions included treatment mode, pain, dosing frequency, location, pre‐treatment time with undetectable viral load, pre‐treatment negative reaction testing and “late‐dose leeway” (i.e. flexibility or forgiveness in timing the next dose). We used conditional logistic regression, with an interaction between treatment mode and pain, to estimate preference weights for all attribute levels.
Results
Seven hundred participants (350 at each site) enrolled, with median age 51 years (range 18–73); 70% identified as cisgender male, 24% as cisgender female and 6% as non‐binary or transgender. LA oral tablets were the only mode preferred over current daily oral treatment, with annual implants and injections the next most preferred LA‐ART option. Longer time between doses was preferred, and administration at home was preferred to clinics, which were preferred to pharmacies. Attributes with less impact on preferences included oral lead‐in treatment to achieve viral suppression or test for negative reactions and late‐dose leeway around the prescribed dosing interval. Participants in Atlanta were more likely to prefer their current daily oral ART than participants from Seattle.
Conclusions
PWH in the United States may soon have several options for LA‐ART. Our results suggest that LA oral tablets will be preferred by many patients over their current daily oral treatment, while implants and injections with longer duration may be acceptable to some. Future research should investigate sources of preference heterogeneity and actual uptake of and adherence to LA‐ART products, when available.

Journal of the International AIDS Society, 2023-07, Vol.26 (S2), p.e26099-n/a

U.S. patient preferences for long‐acting HIV treatment: a discrete choice experiment

In U.S. states that legalized and commercialized recreational cannabis, cannabis sales in illegal markets are still sizable or even larger than those in legal markets. This study aimed to assess cannabis consumers' preferences for purchasing cannabis from legal and illegal markets and estimate the trade-offs under various policy scenarios.
963 adults were recruited, who used cannabis in the past year and lived in a state with recreational cannabis legalization. In a discrete choice experiment, participants chose purchasing cannabis from a legal dispensary or an illegal dealer with varying levels in product attributes including quality, safety, accessibility, potency, and price. Mixed logit models were used to analyze preferences.
The likelihood of choosing legal cannabis increased with a higher quality, the presence of lab test, a shorter distance to seller, a higher tetrahydrocannabinol level, and a lower price. The likelihood of choosing illegal cannabis increased with a higher quality, a shorter distance to seller, and a lower price. Among product attributes, quality and accessibility were perceived to be the most important for legal cannabis and price was perceived to be the most important for illegal cannabis. Policy simulations predicted that improving quality, ensuring safety, allowing delivery services, increasing dispensary density, and lowering prices/taxes of legal cannabis may reduce illegal cannabis market share.
In the U.S., cannabis consumers' preferences for illegal cannabis were associated with both legal and illegal cannabis product attributes. Policies regulating legal cannabis markets should consider potential spillover effects to illegal markets.

BMC public health, 2024-09, Vol.24 (1), p.2397-9, Article 2397

Cannabis consumers’ preferences for legal and illegal cannabis: evidence from a discrete choice experiment

Purpose:
To compare the preferences of women and health professionals for key attributes of noninvasive prenatal diagnosis for Down syndrome relative to current invasive tests.
Methods:
A questionnaire incorporating a discrete choice experiment was used to obtain participants’ stated preference for diagnostic tests that varied according to four attributes: accuracy, time of test, risk of miscarriage, and provision of information about Down syndrome only or Down syndrome and other conditions. Women and health professionals were recruited from five maternity services in England and a patient support group.
Results:
Questionnaires from 335 women and 181 health professionals were analyzed. Safe tests, conducted early in pregnancy, with high accuracy and information about Down syndrome and other conditions were preferred. The key attribute affecting women’s preferences for testing was no risk of miscarriage, whereas for health professionals it was accuracy.
Conclusions:
Policies for implementing noninvasive prenatal diagnosis must consider the differences between women’s and health professionals’ preferences to ensure the needs of all stakeholders are met. Women’s strong preference for tests with no risk of miscarriage demonstrates that consideration for safety of the fetus is paramount in decision making. Effective pretest counseling is therefore essential to ensure women understand the possible implications of results.
Genet Med
2012:14(11):905–913

Genetics in medicine, 2012-11, Vol.14 (11), p.905-913

Women’s and health professionals’ preferences for prenatal tests for Down syndrome: a discrete choice experiment to contrast noninvasive prenatal diagnosis with current invasive tests

The objective of this paper is to study under which circumstances wearable and health app users would accept a compensation payment, namely a digital dividend, to share their self-tracked health data. We conducted a discrete choice experiment alternative, a separated adaptive dual response. We chose this approach to reduce extreme response behavior, considering the emotionally-charged topic of health data sales, and to measure willingness to accept. Previous experiments in lab settings led to demands for high monetary compensation. After a first online survey and two pre-studies, we validated four attributes for the final online study: monthly bonus payment, stakeholder handling the data (e.g., health insurer, pharmaceutical or medical device companies, universities), type of data, and data sales to third parties. We used a random utility framework to evaluate individual choice preferences. To test the expected prices of the main study for robustness, we assigned respondents randomly to one of two identical questionnaires with varying price ranges. Over a period of three weeks, 842 respondents participated in the main survey, and 272 respondents participated in the second survey. The participants considered transparency about data processing and no further data sales to third parties as very important to the decision to share data with different stakeholders, as well as adequate monetary compensation. Price expectations resulting from the experiment were high; pharmaceutical and medical device companies would have to pay an average digital dividend of 237.30[euro]/month for patient generated health data of all types. We also observed an anchor effect, which means that people formed price expectations during the process and not ex ante. We found a bimodal distribution between relatively low price expectations and relatively high price expectations, which shows that personal data selling is a divisive societal issue. However, the results indicate that a digital dividend could be an accepted economic incentive system to gather large-scale, self-tracked data for research and development purposes. After the COVID-19 crisis, price expectations might change due to public sensitization to the need for big data research on patient generated health data. A continuing success of existing data donation models is highly unlikely. The health care sector needs to develop transparency and trust in data processing. An adequate digital dividend could be an effective long-term measure to convince a diverse and large group of people to share high-quality, continuous data for research purposes.

PloS one, 2021-07, Vol.16 (7), p.e0254786-e0254786

Pricing through health apps generated data—Digital dividend as a game changer: Discrete choice experiment

Objectives
Our objective was to generate a value set for the SF-6Dv2 using time trade-off (TTO) and a discrete-choice experiment with a duration dimension (DCE
TTO
) in China.
Methods
A large representative sample of the Chinese general population was recruited from eight provinces/municipalities in China, stratified by age, sex, education level, and proportion of urban/rural residence. Respondents completed eight TTO tasks and ten DCE
TTO
tasks during face-to-face interviews. Ordinary least squares (OLS), random-effects, fixed-effects, and Tobit models were used for TTO data, and conditional logit and mixed logit models were used for DCE
TTO
. The monotonicity of model coefficients and the consistency of the predicted values according to intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), mean absolute difference (MAD), and mean squared difference (MSD) were compared between the two approaches.
Results
In total, 3320 respondents (50.3% male; range 18–90 years) were recruited. The random-effects model and the conditional logit model were preferred for the TTO and DCE
TTO
, respectively. The TTO values ranged from − 0.277 to 1, with 927 (4.94%) states considered as worse than dead (WTD). The corresponding range for DCE
TTO
was − 0.535 to 1, with a higher WTD of 8.50%. DCE
TTO
presented minor non­monotonicity with the coefficients in two dimensions. Values from the two approaches were highly consistent (ICC 0.9804, MAD 0.0588, MSD 0.0055), albeit those with DCE
TTO
were slightly lower than those with TTO. The value set generated by TTO was preferred given the better monotonicity and the statistical significance of coefficients.
Conclusions
The Chinese value set for the SF-6Dv2 was established based on the TTO approach, but the DCE
TTO
also performed well. Minor issues of non­monotonicity did present for DCE
TTO
.