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Foreword; Table of contents; Editorial - Pensions under stress; Executive summary; Chapter 1. Recent pension reforms and their distributional impact; Introduction; Recent pension reforms; Key goals of pension reform; Overview of pension reforms; Table 1.1. Overview of pension reform measures in 34 O...

Table 1.2. Details of pension reforms enacted or implemented between January 2009 and September 2013Impact of pension reform on replacement rates; Countries with only one major reform in the last 20 years; Figure 1.1. The uniform impact of pension reform on replacement rates in Austria and Japan, 20...

Figure 1.5. Austria case studyWhat if pension ages had not increased?; Figure 1.6. Comparison of gross replacement rate and gross pension wealth; Figure 1.7. Comparison of gross replacement rates and gross pension wealth with unchanged retirement age, 1990-2013; Conclusions and policy implications;...

NotesReferences; Chapter 2. The role of housing, financial wealth and public services for adequate living standards in old age; Introduction; Adequacy; What constitutes adequacy?; Monetary and non-monetary dimensions of adequacy; Measuring adequacy of living standards; Cash and non-cash income; Box...

Figure 2.2. Recipiency of targeted and minimum pensions among people aged 65 and over, 2012Living standards in retirement: Incomes and poverty in old age; Snapshot of elderly incomes in the OECD; Figure 2.3. Relative incomes of the over-65s, late 2000s; Sources of elderly incomes; Figure 2.4. Source...

Figure 2.8. Poverty rates among the over-65s