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Xenotransplantation [electronic resource]: International Policy Issues / Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

Reduce your cancer risk [electronic resource] : twelve steps to a healthier life / Barbara Boughton, Michael Stefanek ; edited by Ted Gansler.

Fundamental food microbiology / Bibek Ray.

Bacterial wilt : proceedings of an international conference held at Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 28-31 October 1992 / editors, G.L. Hartman and A.C. Hayward ; organisers, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC) ... [et al.].

Health of people, places and planet : reflections based on Tony McMichael's four decades of contribution to epidemiological understanding / edited by Colin D. Butler, Jane Dixon and Anthony G. Capon.

Numerous studies have documented the evidence of virus–virus interactions at the population, host, and cellular levels. However, the impact of these interactions on the within-host diversity of influenza viral populations remains unexplored. Our study identified 13 respiratory viral pathogens from the nasopharyngeal swab samples (NPSs) of influenza-like-illness (ILI) patients during the 2012/13 influenza season using multiplex RT-PCR. Subsequent next-generation sequencing (NGS) of RT-PCR-confirmed influenza A infections revealed all samples as subtype A/H3N2. Out of the 2305 samples tested, 538 (23.3%) were positive for the influenza A virus (IAV), while rhinovirus (RV) and adenoviruses (Adv) were detected in 264 (11.5%) and 44 (1.9%) samples, respectively. Among these, the co-detection of more than one virus was observed in ninety-six samples, and five samples showed co-detections involving more than two viruses. The most frequent viral co-detection was IAV–RV, identified in 48 out of the 96 co-detection cases. Of the total samples, 150 were processed for whole-genome sequencing (WGS), and 132 met the criteria for intra-host single-nucleotide variant (iSNV) calling. Across the genome, 397 unique iSNVs were identified, with most samples containing fewer than five iSNVs at frequencies below 10%. Seven samples had no detectable iSNVs. Notably, the majority of iSNVs (86%) were unique and rarely shared across samples. We conducted a negative binomial regression analysis to examine factors associated with the number of iSNVs detected within hosts. Two age groups—elderly individuals (>64 years old) and school-aged children (6–18 years old)—were significantly associated with higher iSNV counts, with incidence rate ratios (IRR) of 1.80 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09–3.06) and 1.38 (95% CI: 1.01–1.90), respectively. Our findings suggest a minor or negligible contribution of these viral co-detections to the evolution of influenza viruses. However, the data available in this study may not be exhaustive, warranting further, more in-depth investigations to conclusively determine the impact of virus–virus interactions on influenza virus genetic diversity.

Viruses, 2025-01, Vol.17 (2), p.152

Impact of Viral Co-Detection on the Within-Host Viral Diversity of Influenza Patients

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Xenotransplantation [electronic resource]: International Policy Issues / Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

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Reduce your cancer risk [electronic resource] : twelve steps to a healthier life / Barbara Boughton, Michael Stefanek ; edited by Ted Gansler.

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Fundamental food microbiology / Bibek Ray.

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Bacterial wilt : proceedings of an international conference held at Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 28-31 October 1992 / editors, G.L. Hartman and A.C. Hayward ; organisers, Asian Vegetable Research and Developmen...

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Health of people, places and planet : reflections based on Tony McMichael's four decades of contribution to epidemiological understanding / edited by Colin D. Butler, Jane Dixon and Anthony G. Capon.

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Impact of Viral Co-Detection on the Within-Host Viral Diversity of Influenza Patients

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